The European Union can fail, but it doesn’t have to. That is the message that you read across Emmanual Macron’s 2024 Sorbonne speech, in Mario Draghi’s 2024 report on ‘competitiveness’, and in Draghi’s speeches in Rimini and Brussels last August and September. The argument about failure is primarily a call to action. Both the speeches and the report are long on detail about what Europeans need to do and why they need to do it. What they leave open is what failure would look like and why it would happen.

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